Third, according to three drought parameters of drought severity ( S), duration ( D), and affect area ( A), the marginal distribution, bivariate, and trivariate joint distribution are constructed, and the optimal ones are selected based on different evaluation methods of goodness-of-fit. Second, the Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) and the three-dimensional identification method are employed to identify hydrological drought. First, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is used to simulate the watershed runoff and the cubic spline interpolation method is used to obtain the gridded data sets. The study adopts a really spatio-temporal continuum identification method to characterize drought, and copula functions for multivariate risk probability assessment of hydrological drought. Therefore, the major motivation of this study is to identify and characterize hydrological drought events in a three-dimensional framework and further assess the potential drought risk probability in a multivariate framework in the Luanhe River basin during 1961–2011. It is critical to assess drought risk probability based on a really spatio-temporal continuum identification and characterization method, which is of great importance for drought resistance, planning, and management of water resource as well as agricultural production.
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